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elephant have astonishing trunks that are unassailable , dexterous and flexible . Now , scientist may have last work out how Earth ’s largest surviving nation brute evolve their magnetic proboscises .
Elephant trunks are marvels of evolutionary biota . They can be more than 6.5 pes ( 2 meters ) long and have more than 40,000 individual musculus and nerve fibers . They are adequate to of lift over 600 lbf. ( 270 kilograms ) but can cautiously pick up a single peanut .
Elephants have extremely dexterous trunks that can pick up a single peanut.
The accurate environmental and biological pressures that run to the evolution of these trunk have long puzzled scientists , but a unexampled preprint study , published Nov. 28 in the journaleLifereveals that clime - drive changes may explicate part of the enigma .
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Understanding the phylogeny of elephant trunks has always been challenging because the soft tissues of the trunk , like muscles and tegument , do not fossilise well . This make it difficult for scientist to detect direct evidence of early forms of the trunk in fossil records .
Researchers believe their trunks evolved as a result of pressures on their grassland ancestors millions of years ago.
Many long - trunked animals have long low jaws , the scientist explained . But these long mandibles subsequently shorten after co - evolving with a bole — though the link between the two is middling indecipherable .
In the new cogitation , investigator compare three major families of elephant - similar mammals in northernChinathat existed around 11 to 20 million class ago , investigate how the physiology of these group differed depending on their eating strategies and ecosystems .
The groups included Amebelodontidae , Choerolophodontidae and Gomphotheriidae — three decided lineages of gomphotheres , the ancestral mathematical group of livingelephants .
The jumper lead author of the studyChunxiao Li , a researcher at the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , told Live Science that these ancient mammal were of particular interest because they all had long but " speciate " mandible , so could infer how it impacted trunk phylogeny .
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The team take apart the tooth enamel of these three types of early elephant to harvest Modern cue about their feeding habits and the environments they lived in .
They found that Choerolphontidae seemed to populate in relatively shut surroundings like woodland , while Amebelodontidae elaborate into more overt habitats , such as grasslands . Gomphotheriida appeared to have live in habitat that were somewhere in between .
The scientist combined these finding with mathematical computer simulation of the jaw movement of these three extinct species .
" Cherolophodon live in dim forests , so there are many plant that have horizontally extending outgrowth , " study atomic number 27 - authorShi - Qi Wang , professor at the Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins at the Chinese Academy of Sciences told Live Science .
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Their jaws were suited to exerting pressure in up and down directions , rather than forwards or backwards , expeditiously cutting through horizontal leafage . The research worker suggested their torso were comparatively primitive and clumsy .
However , the jaw of both Gomphotheriida and Amebelodontidae , which live on in more open habitats , were more adapted to cutting vertically growing plant like soft - stemmed herbs and grasses . The rhinal domain of their skull seemed to more closely resemble forward-looking elephants , suggesting their torso were capable of coiling or grasping actions that could help oneself fetch food directly to their mouths .
" We know that the whole paleo - environment changed [ during this time ] from affectionate and humid to colder , juiceless and open surroundings , " Li say . " At that time , we see that these [ other elephant ] set out using their long tree trunk to grab Grass . "
This undecided - land grazing may have promoted the evolution of the trunks we see today , she enounce . It also provide clue as to why forest - dwelling fauna like tapir have trunks that are relatively feeble equate with elephants ' trunks .
" We found why [ early elephant ] startle to have such voguish trunks … their trunks become stronger and more flexible , until finally , they part losing their long mandibles , " Wang said .
